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This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2022 and 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021. The income tax expense of $18.8 million was primarily related to foreign withholding taxes of $9.5 million and foreign income tax expense of $7.9 million . At December 31, 2022 , our 2018 through 2022 tax years are generally open and subject to potential examination in one or more jurisdictions. Accounting for income taxesWe must make certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement purposes. These estimates and judgments are used in the calculation of tax credits, tax benefits and deductions, and in the calculation of tax assets and liabilities.