For centuries, Anne Boleyn’s face has remained one of art history’s most enduring mysteries. Now, researchers believe artificial intelligence may have uncovered a forgotten portrait of the ill-fated queen hidden within the drawings of Hans Holbein the Younger. A new study from researchers at the University of Bradford and independent scholar Karen Davies challenges a centuries-old assumption. The team argues that a famous Holbein sketch, long identified as Anne Boleyn, may actually portray her mother, Elizabeth Howard. At the same time, another drawing labeled only as “An Unidentified Woman” could instead show Anne herself. The researchers reached their conclusion through facial recognition and AI-assisted image analysis. They compared facial structures, proportions, and family similarities across dozens of Tudor portraits connected to the Boleyn and Howard families. Their analysis found that the unidentified sitter shares stronger similarities with authenticated images of Anne Boleyn’s daughter, Elizabeth I, than the traditionally accepted portrait does. The discovery overturns a theory that historians accepted for more than 200 years. The well-known “Windsor sketch,” traditionally identified as Anne, shows a fair-haired woman with softer features and a fuller face. However, contemporary accounts consistently describe Anne as dark-haired, slender, and strikingly elegant, with a long neck and darker complexion. Those contradictions pushed Davies to question the attribution long before AI entered the investigation. Researchers also believe the confusion dates back to the 18th century. During that period, curators remounted and relabeled several Holbein drawings in the Royal Collection. Because only a small number of the works contain contemporary inscriptions or reliable documentation, historians have debated many of the identifications for generations. Davies estimates that fewer than 15% of Holbein’s portrait drawings carry firm contemporary verification. The newly proposed portrait also aligns more closely with Holbein’s artistic practices during Anne’s lifetime. Holbein created the drawing on pink-prepared paper,