The result is a patchwork of incomplete and irregular observations, and the underlying energy flow structure of the system becomes hidden.

Liang’s framework, SPEL-VFL — short for physics-embedded latent energy flow learning — is designed specifically for this gap.

What makes the work particularly timely is its explicit application to hydrogen energy transportation and hydrogen intelligent mobility systems.

Subject of Research: Physics-embedded latent machine learning for hydrogen energy flow reconstruction under sparse IoT sensing Article Title: Physics-embedded latent hydrogen energy flow learning under sparse sensing conditions Article References: Liang, X.

Physics-embedded latent hydrogen energy flow learning under sparse sensing conditions.