Artificial intelligence is enabling researchers to read carbonized scrolls buried by Mount Vesuvius nearly 2,000 years ago, date biblical manuscripts more precisely, map hundreds of new Nazca geoglyphs in Peru, and reconstruct rules of a forgotten Roman board game. Vesuvius Scrolls Yield New Philosophical Texts In June 2026, the Vesuvius Challenge team announced the first near-complete virtual unrolling of a Herculaneum scroll (PHerc. 1667), revealing approximately 1.5 meters of continuous Greek text across 20 columns. The content discusses ethics, impulse (horme), practical wisdom (phronesis), and human nature in terms consistent with Stoic philosophy. A second scroll (PHerc. 139) confirmed the existence of “Philodemus, On Gods, Book 8,” extending a previously known single-book work by the Epicurean philosopher into at least an eight-book series. Earlier, in 2024, AI-assisted decipherment of another Herculaneum scroll provided details on Plato’s burial site in a private garden near the Academy’s shrine to the Muses in Athens, along with accounts of his final night listening to a flute player. The technique relies on CT scans, X-ray imaging, and machine-learning models trained to detect ink traces within charred papyrus layers without physically unrolling the papyrus. Hundreds of additional scrolls from the Villa of the Papyri remain for future analysis. Dead Sea Scrolls Redated Closer to Biblical Composition An AI model named Enoch, trained on radiocarbon-dated fragments and handwriting geometry, has produced date estimates for 135 Dead Sea Scroll manuscripts. In 79% of cases evaluated by paleographers, the predictions aligned with realistic ranges, often 50–100 years earlier than prior scholarly estimates. For manuscript 4Q114 containing portions of the Book of Daniel, Enoch, and new radiocarbon data placed the text between 230–160 BCE, aligning it more closely with the period of its presumed composition around the Maccabean revolt. Similar shifts occurred for other biblical texts. The model combines angular