China leads in autonomous driving algorithms, power batteries and over-the-air iteration speed, backed by the world's richest complex-road data.

In May, Chinese brands' monthly new car registrations in Europe surpassed Japanese automakers for the first time.

To deepen their presence, Chinese brands must advance localization — moving from "selling cars to Europe" to "building cars in Europe".

"Compliance is not a cost; it is the ticket to entry in Europe," Wang said.

German consumer surveys show that after test drives, many rate the driving experience provided by Chinese EVs as above traditional European brands.