Post-quantum cryptography emerges as top concern, followed by AI and automotive complexity. Key Takeaways: The most urgent security challenges in chips are no longer abstract quantum-secure algorithm choices or late-stage feature additions. They are architectural decisions that must be made early, under real constraints of area, power, performance, cost, with long product lifetimes. Several security issues directly impact silicon architecture, including the integration of post-quantum cryptography into real hardware, the widening gap between mathematically secure algorithms and physically secure implementations, and the growing exposure created by complex, multi-vendor supply chains. As systems scale into chiplets, heterogeneous compute, and software-defined platforms — particularly in automotive — architects are increasingly responsible for defining trust boundaries, key lifecycles, update mechanisms, and resilience against side-channel, fault-injection, and AI-accelerated attacks. Security must be treated as a first-order architectural constraint, designed into silicon from the outset, because once the masks are cut, there is no second chance. “Some of the most urgent security issues originate with the supply chain, because everyone is involved and there are established standards and certifications,” noted Sylvain Guilley, co-founder and CTO at Secure-IC, a Cadence company. “What makes it especially challenging is that it’s a system made up of multiple interconnected systems. If gaps exist, it’s crucial to focus on the interfaces between these systems when they’re combined. This is challenging, and it raises the question of responsibility. Whose business is it? Each party might be compliant individually, but unexpected issues can surface during integration. More transparency throughout the supply chain, along with improved auditability and traceability of how components are assembled, would be highly beneficial.” Work is already underway here, starting at the chiplet level. “We’re collaborating with standards organizations such as UCI Express and considering regulations like the Federal Acquisition Supply Chain Security Act (FASCSA) to establish traceability and