Abstract Emotion recognition is one of the most important and complex challenges for machines to understand, as most robots and AI agents struggle with human-centric perception and interpretation. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel multimodal emotion recognition system that analyzes emotions through two complementary channels: voice and facial expressions. The proposed approach is evaluated on the RAVDESS and CREMA-D datasets, which consist of acted emotional expressions across multiple discrete emotion categories. Utilizing an advanced multimodal deep feature fusion technique, the system combines handcrafted audio features (e.g., Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs)) with deep visual features extracted from an attention-based VGGFace model. These features are integrated into a unified representation through a hybrid fusion strategy that jointly employs concatenation, cross-attention, gated fusion, and multiplicative fusion mechanisms to capture complementary cross-modal interactions. To ensure a comprehensive and realistic assessment, the model is evaluated under both random-split and strict speaker-independent protocols. On the RAVDESS dataset, the proposed system achieves an accuracy of 95.83% under random-split evaluation and 48.06% ± 9.76% accuracy under speaker-independent Leave-One-Speaker-Out (LOSO) testing, while on the CREMA-D dataset it attains 73.54% accuracy using random splits and 53.12% ± 2.65% accuracy under subject-exclusive speaker-independent 5-fold cross-validation. Similar content being viewed by others Introduction Emotion recognition is a human ability that adults acquire through nonverbal cues. Human emotions do not follow fixed patterns or rules that can be directly applied to achieve a result. Rather, human emotions are psychological and physical responses that appear differently across individuals. Each person shows emotions through unique methods, which make their emotional expressions different from others. Thus, recognizing emotions may be somewhat complex, but adults can intuitively recognize the feelings of others based on their knowledge of many factors, such as how to differentiate between different vocal tones that carry underlying emotions, such as the tone of
Multimodal emotion <b>recognition</b> using hybrid deep feature fusion under speaker ...
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