These problems are believed to resist quantum attacks because no known quantum algorithm solves them efficiently, even in principle.
On the theoretical side, the authors provide reduction proofs that demonstrate EUF-CMA security against quantum attackers.
SPHINCS+ is a stateless hash-based signature scheme standardized by NIST, prized for its conservative security assumptions but criticized for slow signing and large signatures.
Subject of Research: FSDS-OTS+: formal security proofs, reduction robustness, and quantum-adaptive improvements in the random oracle model Article Title: FSDS-OTS+: formal security proofs, reduction robustness, and quantum-adaptive improvements in the random oracle model Article References: Nauman, U., Hongyue, L., & Deng, M. (2026).
FSDS-OTS+: formal security proofs, reduction robustness, and quantum-adaptive improvements in the random oracle model.