One-minute frequency disturbances from unintended synchronization in cyber–physical power systems

However, resonance phenomena in classical control systems differ fundamentally from cyber–physical synchronization effects.

In this Article, we identify and explain a coherent 1-min oscillation in power systems worldwide caused by cyber–physical synchronization effects.

Maintaining the nominal frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz therefore requires continuous balancing by load–frequency control systems20.

The observed 1-min signal is already substantial in several power systems, although it has not reached a safety critical level.

Here, we highlight a more subtle systemic challenge arising from the cyber–physical coupling of modern power systems.