4. International Law and the Protection of Digital Security International law does not contain a comprehensive treaty establishing universal technical requirements for quantum-resistant encryption.
EU Data Protection and Cross-Border Encryption European Union data protection law offers one of the most developed regulatory frameworks for assessing quantum-related risks to personal information.
The General Data Protection Regulation establishes obligations concerning processing security, accountability, and international data transfers.
6.2 DORA and Cryptographic Security in Financial Services Financial institutions depend on cryptographic security for electronic payments, transaction authentication, confidential records, interbank communications, and digital operational resilience.
National Security Systems are addressed through a separate security framework, reflecting the specialized responsibilities of the agencies that operate them.