As quantum computing progress accelerates these days, it carries a profound implication for cybersecurity. It’s widely known that today’s public-key cryptography will eventually fail. Algorithms such as RSA and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) can be broken by operational quantum computers, and this has accelerated global investment in quantum-resistant algorithms built to protect against both classical and quantum attacks. However, organizations are challenged both to find algorithms that are secure, and also deploy them at global scale without disrupting current systems. As a result, three broad approaches have been explored to address this post-quantum threat. Each offers valuable insights, but comes with significant limitations that prevent it from serving as a universal solution. Buyer beware. Asymmetric Encryption Helps Secure the Internet To date, the asymmetric cryptographic pattern that underpins today’s internet is both scalable and resilient. Public-key cryptography enables secure key exchange, identity verification, and trust establishment across billions of devices. As quantum threats emerge, the challenge is migrating to quantum-resistant algorithms while preserving this operational model. This means adopting approved, standardized post-quantum primitives within familiar asymmetric workflows, rather than abandoning the model entirely. Before examining why other approaches fail, it’s important to understand what a practical solution looks like – and why asymmetric post-quantum cryptography is not just theoretically sound, but operationally viable today. ML-KEM (Module-Lattice-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism) represents one such approach. ML-KEM: A Practical Foundation for Post-Quantum Security ML-KEM is a post-quantum asymmetric key exchange algorithm based on lattice cryptography, which has been selected through extensive public scrutiny for global post-quantum standardization. Validation of its practical relevance includes being part of the Commercial National Security Algorithm (NSA) Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0) – the NSA’s set of quantum-resistant algorithms for National Security Systems. CNSA 2.0 lists ML-KEM as the quantum-secure mechanism for key establishment in general-purpose cryptographic use cases. Why