Is CHINA winning the <b>quantum computing</b> WAR?
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Quantum Computers
The Next <b>Computing</b> Revolution | MOONSHOTS
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Agencies have four months to finalize <b>quantum</b>-ready migration plans
Agencies have four months to finalize quantum-ready migration plans Federal officials have four months to draw up plans for migrating systems to encryption methods that could protect against the future cybersecurity threats posed by quantum computing. In a new memorandum, the Office of Management and Budget set deadlines for agencies to establish migration plans for post-quantum cryptography (PQC), giving agency heads 120 days from its publication to finalize those documents. Per the memo, which was dated Wednesday but released publicly Thursday, the goal is to migrate “as much quantum risk as feasible by December 31, 2030.” The memo comes days after the release of President Donald Trump’s anticipated quantum executive orders and establishes more specific requirements for agencies on the system security-focused directive. Under the OMB guidance, agency migration plans must prioritize high-impact systems, high-value assets, and any other system with either highly sensitive data or that is vulnerable to quantum computing attacks. They’re also required to update governance structures — including the appointment of a new “migration lead” — and prioritize PQC upgrades to existing systems and the purchase of third-party software. There will be five phases for implementation in those plans, beginning with a planning and discovery phase this year, moving to pilots and early migration over the next couple of years, hitting deadlines for priority migration in 2030 and 2031, and culminating in full migration in 2035. While a quantum computer that could pose the threat of decryption — known as a cryptographically relevant quantum computer (CRQC) — isn’t known to exist yet, the technology is expected to eventually be able to crack the math that underpins classical encryption methods. As a result, both the public and private sectors have been hard at work coming up with new cryptographic methods to shield private information from those capabilities.
<b>Quantum</b> firms shun entanglement as Trump vows to outrun China
As the United States and China escalate their rivalry over quantum technology, companies across the sector are already repositioning to navigate the geopolitical storm, from building domestic manufacturing bases to carving out independent units for non-Western markets. In the lab physicists race to achieve entanglement, the phenomenon in which particles become inextricably linked regardless of distance. In the boardroom, quantum firms are doing everything they can to avoid being drawn into an entanglement of a different kind, one between Washington and Beijing. This week, US President Donald Trump signed an executive order directing federal agencies to strengthen domestic quantum supply chains and manufacturing capabilities, update the national quantum strategy and expand counterintelligence protections for quantum technologies. The order frames competing nations, including adversarial countries, as a direct threat to American quantum leadership. Against that backdrop, the strategies of quantum firms vary sharply by geography. US-based companies are focusing on local customers and supply chains, while UK and European players see an opening to serve allies and non-allied nations alike. Taiwanese firms, caught between two superpowers, are racing to build sovereign quantum capabilities before tightening export controls close that window. Executives from Quantum Computing Inc (QCI), Infleqtion and ORCA Computing, alongside a board advisor from Foxconn, spoke to Asia Times on the sidelines of the Commercializing Quantum Global 2026 conference in London, organized by Economist Enterprise, sharing how they are navigating the intensifying US-China quantum race. “In order to mitigate the risk imposed by geopolitics, we have been working on establishing our manufacturing capabilities in the US. Right now, we are not subject to export control restrictions, but that could change. When there are restrictions, we just have to follow the rules,” Yuping Huang, chairman and chief executive of QCI, a publicly listed US quantum photonics company, told Asia Times in
Infleqtion Teams With Voyager in New <b>Quantum</b> Space Initiative
A group of companies and organizations including Infleqtion, Voyager Technologies, Monarch Quantum, Armada, and the University of Colorado Boulder have joined forces to move the U.S.’s quantum space ambitions forward. This week, the partners announced America’s Quantum Space Initiative, to position the U.S. as a global leader in quantum tech. The initiative is designed to foster collaboration across industry, academia, and government to accelerate innovation, expand opportunities for quantum technologies in space, and strengthen U.S. leadership in next-generation technologies. Founding innovators will help bring together leaders across these disciplines, identify opportunities for technology development, demonstration, and deployment, and accelerate the transition of quantum technologies from pioneering demonstrations to real-world space applications through the Quantum Space Hub, a collaborative network connecting innovators from across the quantum and space communities. “American leadership in space depends on turning breakthrough technologies into enduring capabilities. Quantum technologies represent an exciting frontier, and we look forward to helping advance the infrastructure, partnerships, and innovations that will support the next generation of space missions,” Dylan Taylor, chairman and CEO of Voyager Technologies, said in a statement.
OMB Issues Marching Orders to Agencies for PQC Migration
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has issued government-wide guidance directing federal agencies to accelerate their migration to post-quantum cryptography (PQC), requiring agencies to prioritize their most critical systems and submit detailed migration plans within 120 days. The June 24 memorandum implements President Donald Trump’s June 22 executive order on securing the nation against advanced cryptographic attacks. The guidance excludes national security systems. Federal agencies are instructed to mitigate “as much quantum risk as feasible” by Dec. 31, 2030. “Strong cryptography has enabled the United States Government to protect Federal information, securely deliver critical services to the American people, and guard against cyber-enabled fraud,” OMB Director Russell Vought wrote in the memo. “The Trump-Vance Administration has made support of strong cryptography throughout the Government and private sector a priority.” The guidance reflects growing concern that future cryptographically relevant quantum computers could eventually break many of today’s widely deployed public-key encryption algorithms. While such computers are not yet known to exist, OMB said advances in quantum computing could make current encryption vulnerable within the next decade, requiring agencies to begin transitioning now to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-approved post-quantum cryptographic algorithms. In August 2024, NIST unveiled its first set of encryption algorithms designed to withstand cyberattacks from a quantum computer, which agencies can implement immediately. OMB directed agencies to prioritize the migration of high impact systems, high value assets, and any other systems containing highly sensitive information or deemed particularly vulnerable to quantum-enabled attacks. Agencies are also instructed to establish governance structures that extend responsibility beyond chief information officers and chief information security officers to agency leadership more broadly. Each agency must submit a PQC migration plan to OMB and the Office of the National Cyber Director within 120 days. Plans must include a risk-based system prioritization strategy,
Researchers cast new doubt on Microsoft's <b>quantum computing</b> advance | Network World
Skeptics chip away at the company’s claims in a long-running dispute over its Majorana chip program. Microsoft’s controversial claim that its Majorana chip program will make possible a scalable quantum computer by 2029 has been thrown into new doubt by a scientific paper that questions whether the company has correctly interpreted its own experimental evidence. According to a peer-reviewed paper by Dr. Henry Legg from the University of St Andrews, published this week in Nature, Microsoft’s Topological Gap Protocol (TGP) framework, designed to infer the existence of quantum states in theorized Majorana particles, is flawed. “Last year Microsoft claimed they had built the equivalent of a precision Swiss watch. However, when I opened the case to examine the mechanism, I found what looked like a chaotic jumble of mismatched parts,” said Legg. He believed the results gathered from Microsoft’s TGP software data analysis could also be explained by other effects, as well as being skewed by the data chosen for analysis. Because of this, he believed the company’s researchers had jumped to the wrong conclusions. “Something was making noise, but it didn’t look like the breakthrough Microsoft had claimed. Despite the headlines, the vast majority of scientists in the field were skeptical of Microsoft’s claim from the start; my critique simply backs up that skepticism in the scientific record,” he said. Topological qubits The ability to create Majorana ‘zero modes’ that resist the errors suffered by traditional qubit-based designs is fundamental to Microsoft’s entire quantum computing strategy, stretching back two decades. This, of course, assumes the existence of subatomic Majorana fermions, named after the Italian physicist who first proposed them in 1937. To this day, they remain only theoretical. In 2018, Microsoft said its researchers had detected evidence of their existence, an apparently major breakthrough it was forced to retract
2682 Photons Controlled In China Telecom's New <b>Quantum Computer</b> Tianyan-P2000
China Telecom has activated the Tianyan-P2000, a new photonic quantum computer capable of controlling 2,682 photons and now accessible via its cloud platform to researchers globally. The system recently completed a complex computation in 29 microseconds, a calculation estimated to require 16 billion years for even the most powerful classical supercomputers. This achievement marks China’s first online quantum advantage service utilizing photonic technology, offering a potential alternative to superconducting systems that demand extreme cooling. “With Tianyan-P2000 online, our platform has become the world’s first cloud platform capable of providing quantum advantage services through both photonic and superconducting technologies,” said Huang Wenya, a senior product manager of the Tianyan quantum cloud platform. According to China Telecom Quantum Group, the room-temperature operation and longer coherence times of this photonic approach offer advantages in cost and scalability. Tianyan-P2000: Photonic Quantum Computing and Cloud Access The Tianyan-P2000 photonic quantum computer, now operational and linked to China Telecom’s cloud platform, demonstrates a significant advance in qubit control with its ability to manage 2,682 photons, a figure indicative of its computational power. This achievement builds upon the core architecture of Jiuzhang 4.0, a prototype previously highlighted in Nature for surpassing classical computers in a specialized task, and represents a move toward wider accessibility for quantum computing resources. This speed is enabled by the fundamental principles of quantum computation, where, as explained by China Science Communication, quantum computers explore multiple possibilities simultaneously, unlike their classical counterparts which process information sequentially. Currently, Tianyan-P2000 is serving research institutions, universities, and businesses, with applications already launched in areas such as graph data analysis, drug discovery, and machine vision; the platform has already logged over 50 million visits and processed more than 4 million experimental tasks for users spanning 60 countries and regions. The system’s ability to maintain qubit coherence for
Chemistry in Pictures: <b>Quantum</b> carbenes - C&EN
These prismatic crystals are more than just pretty light-catchers. The researchers who made them believe they could be the future of quantum computing. The crystals contain an organic carbene compound whose two unpaired electrons, located in orthogonal molecular orbitals, allow the molecule to function as a quantum bit (qubit), the fundamental circuit component in quantum computers. Carbene qubits have several advantages over other molecular qubits, says Tobias Schaub, a senior director of quantum chemistry research at NVision Quantum Technologies. They are easier to synthesize and fabricate than inorganic materials, and they are able to hold their quantum spin states for longer than organometallic qubits. Organic materials offer a “vast molecular design space” for researchers to refine the qubits’ optical, electronic, and magnetic properties, Schaub says. The one downside is that carbenes can be reactive, which is why these are embedded within a stabilizing crystalline matrix of similarly sized ketone molecules. Credit: NVision Quantum Technologies Do science. Take pictures. Win money. Enter our photo contest. See more Chemistry in Pictures.
New Discovery Could Unlock <b>Quantum Computers</b> the Size of a Coin
Physicists at the University of Vienna have discovered magnons with lifespans 100 times longer than previously measured. For decades, magnons have shown enormous promise for quantum technologies, but one critical limitation has kept them from practical use: they disappear almost as soon as they form. Now, an international team of physicists led by Andrii Chumak at the University of Vienna has increased magnon lifetimes by nearly two orders of magnitude, from just a few hundred nanoseconds to as long as 18 microseconds. The researchers also discovered that this limit is set not by fundamental physics, but largely by material quality, pointing to a clear path toward even longer-lived magnons. The breakthrough could ultimately help enable highly compact quantum computers, potentially no larger than a 1-cent coin. The findings were published in Science Advances. Why Magnons Matter Magnons move through magnetic solids as small waves in magnetization, similar to ripples spreading across water after a stone is dropped into a pond. Unlike photons, which can move through empty space or optical fibers, magnons travel inside solid magnetic materials. Their wavelengths can shrink to the nanometer scale, meaning magnonic circuits could, in principle, be built on chips no larger than those already used in today’s smartphones. Because a magnon is an excitation inside a solid, it also naturally interacts with many other fundamental quasiparticles, including phonons and photons. That makes magnons promising building blocks for hybrid quantum systems and quantum metrology. The central challenge has been their short lifetime. This is the span during which magnons can reliably carry quantum information, and previous experiments reached only a few hundred nanoseconds at best. That was far too brief for practical quantum computation. The Vienna-led group has now reported a major step forward, measuring magnon lifetimes of up to 18 microseconds, almost 100 times
Warwick scientists secure your data vs <b>quantum computers</b>
Warwick computer scientists are helping secure your data against quantum computers This month, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has issued a standard for high-security code-based cryptography to keep user data safe against quantum computers, co-designed by Warwick computer scientists. The internet as we know it could be vulnerable to a future threat that does not yet exist, quantum computers powerful enough to crack today's encryption in seconds. This month, an international team including Dr Varun Maram from Warwick's Department of Computer Science, took a major step to prevent that scenario, with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) formally adopting a quantum-resistant encryption standard they co-designed: Classic McEliece. Classic McEliece is based on an encryption system published by Robert J. McEliece in 1978. It is specifically built to withstand quantum attacks, meaning data encrypted with it now will remain secure even when quantum computers become a reality. The encryption protecting your emails, banking details, and online shopping currently relies on mathematical tricks that quantum computers could unravel. "Older encryption systems like RSA were essentially built on the assumption that certain math problems are impossibly hard to solve," explains Dr Varun Maram. "But quantum computers will rewrite those rules." Classic McEliece takes a completely different approach. Instead of mathematical exponentiation, as used in RSA, it relies on error-correcting codes, the same technology used to transmit data reliably across noisy communication channels. It is a method so robust that it has withstood scrutiny for nearly half a century. Popular VPN service Mullvad VPN has already integrated Classic McEliece to protect users' internet traffic against future quantum threats. The German Federal Office for Information Security has endorsed it as suitable for "long-term protection of confidential information," and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology is considering standardising it too. The adoption of
Can <b>Quantum Computing</b> Replace Blockchain? : Cryptographic Security Paradigms Analyzed
Can Quantum Computing Replace Blockchain? : Cryptographic Security Paradigms Analyzed Quantum Computing and Blockchain Realities As of mid-2026, the relationship between quantum computing and blockchain technology is often misunderstood as a zero-sum game where one must replace the other. In reality, these are two distinct branches of computational science. Quantum computing utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex calculations at speeds unattainable by classical computers. Blockchain, conversely, is a decentralized ledger technology designed for data integrity and transparency. While quantum machines pose a significant challenge to the cryptographic foundations of current blockchains, they are not a "replacement" for the ledger itself, but rather a catalyst for its evolution. The primary concern currently discussed in the industry is the potential for quantum computers to break the encryption that secures digital assets. Secure execution infrastructure, such as the WEEX Exchange, provides the foundational framework for analyzing on-chain asset movements while the industry prepares for these shifts. The goal for developers is not to abandon blockchain, but to integrate post-quantum cryptography (PQC) to ensure long-term resilience. The Vulnerability of Digital Signatures The most pressing issue identified in 2026 is the vulnerability of specific cryptographic algorithms. Most blockchains, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, rely on the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to secure public and private key pairs. Quantum computers running Shor’s algorithm could theoretically derive a private key from a public key, allowing an attacker to forge transactions. This is particularly risky for "exposed" addresses where the public key is already visible on the ledger. Shor’s Algorithm and Key Pairs Shor’s algorithm is a quantum process that can factor large integers and solve discrete logarithm problems much faster than any classical computer. Because ECDSA relies on the difficulty of these mathematical problems, a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could bypass the security
Work begins on UK's new £750m supercomputer at Edinburgh University site
Work begins on UK's new £750m supercomputer Construction work has started on the UK's new £750m national supercomputer. Those behind the project say it will be the most powerful computer in the UK, and one of the most powerful in the world, when it is finished at the end of next year. It will be hosted in University of Edinburgh buildings on the outskirts of Penicuik and Roslin in Midlothian, near the institute where Dolly the sheep was cloned. It is a significant step forward for a project that was shelved by the UK government when Labour came into power, and then reinstated a year later. What is a supercomputer? The team behind the supercomputer, and researchers who hope to use it, say they are very excited about the project. As the name would suggest, a supercomputer is a very powerful machine. The numbers for this new one are mind-boggling. Prof Mark Parsons, the director of the supercomputer project at the university, says it will be roughly the size of a medium-sized supermarket. It has thousands of processers and will be able to make a billion - billion calculations per second. That's 1,000,000,000,000,000,000. Prof Parsons said the computer would help researchers and commercial companies to "simulate the world around them". It will do that by taking huge amounts of data, and creating models of things that are not easy to do an experiment on in a laboratory. He added: "Supercomputers model things that happen too quickly, like quantum; that are too large, like an earthquake; or too long - like the expansion of the universe." What will the new supercomputer do? The UK's previous national supercomputer - ARCHER2 - is also at the same site, and will come to the end of its life at the end of this year.
New superconducting X-ray detector is up to 1,000 times more sensitive | ScienceDaily
New superconducting X-ray detector is up to 1,000 times more sensitive - Date: - June 24, 2026 - Source: - Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie - Summary: - A groundbreaking superconducting X-ray spectrometer has begun operation at BESSY II, giving Europe its first TES-based system and boosting photon detection efficiency by up to 1,000 times. The advance enables scientists to explore atomically thin materials, nanostructures, and ultra-dilute samples with remarkable speed and sensitivity. - Share: A major new tool for X-ray research has entered service at BESSY II. Developed through a collaboration between HZB, MPI-CEC (Mühlheim-an-der-Ruhr, Germany), and NIST (Boulder CO, USA), the instrument is the first and only TES spectrometer operating at a synchrotron facility in Europe. The new system delivers a dramatic improvement in photon detection efficiency, outperforming conventional wavelength-dispersive X-ray emission spectrometers by a factor of 100 to 1000. Researchers plan to use it to study the electronic properties of atomically thin materials, nanostructures, and highly diluted atomic and molecular samples. The team is now inviting research proposals from the scientific community. Bringing Greater Sensitivity to X-Ray Spectroscopy Facilities such as BESSY II generate extremely bright and intense synchrotron X-rays that allow scientists to analyze a wide range of materials. Yet techniques such as X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) face a significant challenge. Because these methods rely on detecting photons emitted by the sample, they require large numbers of photons to produce useful measurements. As a result, XES and RIXS experiments have traditionally been limited to concentrated samples and bulk materials. "The superconducting Transition Edge Sensor (TES) array photon detector that we have now put into operation at BESSY II is around 100 to 1000 times more efficient to detect photons than conventional XES and RIXS spectrometers," says Régis Decker, HZB,
Canadian <b>quantum</b> startup Qubic raises $2.5m to support development of its cryogenic ...
Canadian quantum startup Qubic has raised $2.5 million in a seed funding round to support the development of its cryogenic amplifier technology and quantum sensing platform. The investment was led by Two Small Fish Ventures, with participation from UC Investments, Quantacet, and UCeed. The startup said the financing would help accelerate the commercialization of its technology, allow it to build out its manufacturing capabilities, and bring its RF quantum sensing platform to market. Qubic is a spin-off of both the Institut Quantique of the Université de Sherbrooke and the Institute for Quantum Computing of the University of Waterloo. The company claims its cryogenic amplifiers, which are made from quantum materials, will help to overcome thermal barriers impacting the development of larger quantum computers. While many quantum systems rely on supercooling to keep the quantum chips at the required operating temperatures, the heat generated by the system’s accompanying electronics typically requires extra cooling. Qubic said this can disrupt the proper functioning of cryogenics used in quantum systems and limit how many qubits can run together in a single cryogenic setup. Traditional electronic amplifiers used in quantum systems to amplify a signal are the primary source of this heat dissipation, creating a significant barrier for the development of fault-tolerant quantum systems. Qubic said its new amplifier technology will improve the heat dissipation of amplifiers. “We have seen an increasing appetite in the market for the technologies Qubic is developing. The recent purchase of our devices by Quantum Machines is evidence of this,” said Jérôme Bourassa, CEO and co-founder at Qubic. “This group of investors was very impressed by our momentum and decided that now was the right time for them to back us. They understand, as others do, that our technology will be a key component in enabling quantum computers to scale
<b>Quantum Computers</b> Are Coming For Your Passwords
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Why D-Wave <b>Quantum</b> Stock Just Crashed | The Motley Fool
D-Wave Quantum (QBTS 8.19%) stock jumped 2.3% on Tuesday as momentum investors swarmed to buy the stock in the wake of a Trump Administration order promoting the development of quantum computing. StreetInsider.com reported massive buying of call options in D-Wave stock yesterday -- 5.3 calls purchased for every put -- indicating traders were heavily bullish on the stock. But it didn't last. As of 2:40 p.m. ET, D-Wave stock has given up all yesterday's gains and is crashing 8.9% today. Some good news for D-Wave? As NBC reports, President Trump on Monday signed an order "to build a powerful quantum computer for scientific research," aiming to have the device operational before he leaves office in 2029. Further out, the President called for protecting government computer systems from cyberattacks made more powerful by the use of quantum computers, using other quantum computers to build "post-quantum cryptography" by 2030 or 2031. And I must say, all of this sounds pretty bullish for a leading quantum computing stock like D-Wave, and a good reason for investors to be bidding up D-Wave stock yesterday. NYSE: QBTS Key Data Points No bad news for D-Wave stock The other good news is that there's no specific bad news driving the sell-off today. It's just that all the buying yesterday may have gone a bit overboard, and the lack of any more good news like Monday's meant day-traders couldn't sustain the momentum. Nor may it for a while. 2028? 2030? 2031? These are some long-range targets, even stretching into a new Presidential administration, which may or may not sustain government support for quantum computing efforts. Meanwhile, analysts polled by S&P Global Market Intelligence expect D-Wave to remain unprofitable the whole time -- through at least 2030. Even with the prospect of government subsidies, D-Wave stock remains a
<b>Quantum computers</b> will supercharge the world — but they present serious national security risks
Quantum computers will supercharge the world — but they present serious national security risks See more of our coverage in your search results. Add The New York Post on GoogleThe alleged dangers of AI have been shoved down people’s throats for years, led by doomerism about it eliminating human jobs or wiping out mankind itself. Yet, there are far fewer discussions about how scientists are on the cusp of a breakthrough more powerful and much more worrying: Quantum computing. The tech — pursued by Amazon, IBM, Google, Nvidia and others in the US — will revolutionize what computers can do, based on quantum physics. Giving a glimpse at what’s possible, Google claimed its Willow quantum chip took just five minutes to solve a computational problem so complex it would have taken today’s most advanced super-computers approximately 10 septillion years to crack, according to one of the company’s blog posts. “Quantum computers are exceptionally good at breaking codes,” John Preskill, Caltech’s Director of the Institute for Quantum Information, told The Post. “When quantum computers are sufficiently capable, the [encrypted security systems] we’re using now every time we send our credit card number over the internet or connect to a website will no longer be secure.” In the wrong hands such tech could prove extremely dangerous — and both China and Russia have made no secret of the ambitions in this area. The field is developing so rapidly, President Trump signed two executive orders on Monday directing urgent federal attention to the experimental research. Trump fast-tracked the development of a US government supercomputer, ordering “the first-ever quantum computer powerful enough for scientific research” to be built within two years in a federal laboratory. He also anticipated a looming global telecommunications security crisis by ordering quantum-safe security updates to “high impact systems” by
Bull and Alice & Bob partner up to bring <b>quantum computers</b> into HPC
Paris, France – 24 June, 2026 – Bull, a leader in advanced computing and AI, and Alice & Bob, a leader in fault-tolerant quantum computing specialising in cat qubits, today announce the signature of a Memorandum of Understanding to extend their joint collaboration across research, product innovation and commercialisation. Together, Bull and Alice & Bob now aim to deepen their collaboration to accelerate the development and adoption of quantum technologies in Europe and beyond. From experimentation to broader industrial collaboration Under this agreement, the two companies will expand their cooperation in four key areas: - Research & development – advancing quantum applications, particularly in material physics, and strengthening the integration of large-scale quantum1 (LSQ) systems within high-performance computing environments - Product innovation – exploring new offerings, including the containerisation and the assembly of quantum systems. - Software development – extending the capability of Bull’s software tools, including Qaptiva HPC and Qaptiva Access, to better support emulation of cat qubits as well as enable execution on Alice & Bob’s cat qubit chips in a HPC environment - Commercial development – jointly addressing new business opportunities worldwide, with a focus on sovereignty-driven projects. Combining complementary strengths These efforts reflect a shared ambition to move beyond early-stage experimentation, bridging the gap between quantum hardware innovation and its practical, scalable use in real-world environments as the industry enters its next phase. Alice & Bob and Bull bring highly complementary strengths to this ambition. Alice & Bob is focused on building a universal, fault-tolerant quantum computer, with its cat qubit technology designed to significantly reduce the hardware requirements for large-scale systems. This approach is combined with Bull’s long-standing expertise in high-performance computing, system integration and global support, as well as its industrial capabilities, including its manufacturing site in Angers and strong international footprint. Together, they
Water might secretly be a mix of 2 different liquids, scientists say
Water might secretly be a mix of 2 different liquids, scientists say For decades, scientists suspected water secretly behaves like two different liquids. A new AI-powered study has finally caught it happening at the molecular level. For years, scientists have suspected that, at the molecular level, water is two different liquids — a denser one and a less-dense one — that are constantly switching places. Catching real molecular evidence of this microscopic transformation has been hard. But now, with help from artificial intelligence, researchers say they've finally found it. "It's hard to imagine — here is just one water, right?" said Xiao Cheng Zeng, a physical chemist at the City University of Hong Kong and co-author of the new study, told Live Science while holding a water bottle in the air. That puzzle sent him digging through scientific literature, where he found the possible explanation: the two-state hypothesis. "That got my attention. We have literature to talk about it but no evidence." The findings, published June 4 in the journal Nature Physics, could not only prove this long-sought molecular change is real, but also help to explain dozens of water's weird behaviors. Most liquids become denser as they cool, but water behaves differently; it becomes denser until about 4 degrees Celsius, then starts to expand, which is why ice floats. Water also resists temperature changes better than similar liquids and has a viscosity that decreases under certain pressures. Scientists have documented various anomalies related to water and suspect they may be interconnected. The two-state model is an attempt to be that unifying explanation. A 30-year hunch Zeng has been studying water since his postdoc days in the late 1990s, when he worked on liquid freezing. The two-state hypothesis itself came onto his radar later — around 2006, when he first