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PSC: Bridges-2 Computations Verify Weird Rules for Moiré Materials

Off the Wire Press Releases June 12, 2026 — To design the next generation of smaller, more powerful electronic devices, scientists will need to understand better how the materials act at the smallest scales. In moiré superlattices, scientists lay sheets of identical or similar materials just an atom thick atop each other. These materials may promise finely tuned electronic behaviors at tiny distances. But their behavior doesn’t always match with existing theory. A team from Florida State University used PSC’s NSF-funded Bridges-2 to explore how a type of matter on a triangular moiré superlattice behaves, suggesting how scientists can improve their theory and supplying a new tool for materials engineers to use in designing devices. Apple’s M3 Ultra computer chip, which powers the latest iPhones and iMacs, contains 184 billion transistors. The tiny “metal lines” that carry electrons through the device can be as close together as 24 nanometers — about a millionth of an inch. At that scale, the weird rules of quantum mechanics, by which electrons are waves and can jump across otherwise “solid” barriers, take over. As our electronics get smaller, it gets harder to determine how they’ll behave. Knocking together components and seeing what happens isn’t economical or effective. Instead, you first need to figure out how materials work at the most basic level. Such basic science doesn’t always create new devices. But it gives the designers the rules they need to figure new devices out. One set of materials that scientists would like to understand better are moiré superlattices. These materials offer enhanced tunability, because it may be possible to design them to control movement of electrons across their structure — what computer scientists call “gate voltages.” One particular moiré system has two sheets of slightly mismatched materials called transition metal dichalcogenides, each only an

Research Briefs 2026 | College of Engineering & Applied Science | University of Colorado Boulder

Research Briefs 2026 Inspired by gecko toes CU Boulder scientists have taken a cue from geckos to develop a material able to stick to tumors inside the body, pumping out chemotherapy drugs for days. The technology, developed with doctors at CU Anschutz, turns an already FDA-approved biodegradable polymer, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), into small particles displaying branched hair-like nanostructures similar to those on geckos’ feet. Researchers loaded these “soft dendritic particles” with chemotherapy drugs and attached them to cancer cells in a petri dish and to bladder tumors in mice. The resulting study showed that the particles clung tightly to the cancer for days, even in a slippery environment like the surface of a bladder. “We envision that this gecko-inspired technology could ultimately reduce the frequency of clinical treatments, potentially allowing patients to receive fewer but longer-lasting therapies,” said study author Jin Gyun Lee, a postdoctoral researcher who works with Wyatt Shields, Thomas F. Austin Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering. Unlocking larger quantum computers Researchers have made a major advance in quantum computing with a new device that is nearly 100 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Published in the journal Nature Communications, the breakthrough optical phase modulators could help unlock much larger quantum computers by enabling efficient control of lasers required to operate thousands or even millions of qubits — the basic units of quantum information. Critically, the team of scientists has developed these devices using scalable manufacturing, avoiding complex, custom builds in favor of those used to make the same technology behind processors already found in computers, phones, vehicles and home appliances. Led by Jake Freedman, a PhD student in the Department of Electrical, Computer & Energy Engineering; Matt Eichenfield, professor and the Karl Gustafson Endowed Chair in Quantum Engineering; and collaborators from Sandia

Department of Mathematics and Statistics Hosts International Cryptography Conference

Department of Mathematics and Statistics Hosts International Cryptography Conference Friday, Jun 12, 2026The Charles E. Schmidt College of Science’s Department of Mathematics and Statistics recently brought the prestigious International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) Public-Key Cryptography (PKC) Conference to South Florida. Hosted from May 25 to 28 in West Palm Beach, the international event was organized by the department's faculty experts, whose competitive bid secured South Florida as this year’s host destination. Sponsored in part by the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, the premier gathering attracted approximately 90 leading cryptography scholars and industry professionals from around the globe. “Being chosen to host this event in our local community is a tremendous honor and a testament to our leadership in cryptography,” stated Francesco Sica, Ph.D., assistant professor, Department of Mathematics and Statistics. “While our Center for Cryptology and Information Security has made significant research contributions and has a strong impact within the cryptographic community, it remains relatively unknown to visitors, prospective students and the broader public. As FAU emerges as an R1 university, it is essential that we lead not only in research, but also in visibility—making our bid to host this prestigious conference in South Florida both timely and important.” Highlights from the event included keynote speaker Jeffrey Hoffstein, Ph.D., a professor at Brown University and one of the co-inventors of the Nth-degree Truncated Polynomial Ring (NTRU). NTRU is the prototype of all lattice-based cryptosystems and currently is the most promising quantum-resistant National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standards. With the advent of powerful quantum computers, NTRU is set to replace traditional encryption and signature algorithms. Hoffstein delivered a one-hour presentation on the birth of NTRU and the efforts needed to get it accepted by the community. “The conference was an excellent opportunity to reconnect with regional and

Dilution Refrigerators Cool QPUs Below 20 Millikelvin

Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are pushing the boundaries of quantum computing by focusing on the complete system needed to harness its potential, not just the qubits themselves. Central to this effort is maintaining a superconducting quantum processing unit at 20 millikelvin, a temperature colder than outer space and just 0.02 degrees above absolute zero, using specialized dilution refrigerators that resemble “golden chandeliers with cables running up and down.” These cables are critical for both sending control signals to the processor and receiving information from it at room temperature. “Making a functional quantum computer requires much more than qubits alone; it takes an entire technology stack that can harness quantum science for real-world applications,” explains Chris Spitzer, operations lead at the Advanced Quantum Testbed (AQT). This holistic approach, encompassing hardware, software, and controls, is essential for achieving error-corrected quantum calculations and unlocking breakthroughs in fields from drug development to cosmology. Superconducting QPU & Dilution Refrigerator Operation Maintaining a stable quantum environment demands temperatures far beyond those experienced in natural settings; the superconducting quantum processing unit (QPU) at the heart of these systems operates at a frigid 20 millikelvin. This temperature, a mere 0.02 degrees above absolute zero, is even colder than the vacuum of outer space and is essential for preserving the delicate quantum information encoded within the qubits. The system delivers the control microwaves necessary to manipulate the qubits and, equally importantly, transmits the resulting quantum information back to room-temperature electronics for analysis. This “stack” isn’t simply an assembly of components, but a carefully integrated system where each element’s performance impacts the others. A key challenge lies in scalability; current wiring configurations, with one or more wires per qubit, become impractical as QPU sizes increase beyond a few hundred qubits. Researchers are actively investigating new low-noise wiring technologies

Co-Design Approach Optimizes Multinode <b>Quantum Computer</b> Performance

Researchers have developed a new model to quantify the performance of increasingly complex multinode superconducting quantum computers, addressing a critical barrier to scaling up these systems. The study focuses on architectures that link individual quantum processors together, relying on optical links to shuttle fragile quantum information between nodes housed in dilution refrigerators cooled to temperatures lower than space. A key challenge lies in the noise hindering communication between these nodes; the research demonstrates that even noisy quantum links are often more beneficial than conventional, classical connections. “This research lays out a map towards distributed multi-processor superconducting quantum computers,” explains Samuel Stein of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, as a single superconducting quantum processor cannot be scaled up to meet future computational demands. This co-design approach, combining hardware and software improvements, offers a path toward advances in quantum networking and applications in energy and material sciences. ARQUIN Model Quantifies Multinode Superconducting Quantum Computer Tradeoffs The limitations of scaling single superconducting quantum processors are prompting a shift toward multinode architectures, and a new model called ARQUIN is providing crucial insights into the performance tradeoffs inherent in these distributed systems. Researchers are now able to rigorously compare designs employing multiple nodes connected by optical links against those relying on single-node systems or conventional interconnects, a capability previously lacking in the field. Maintaining quantum information as it travels between nodes, often housed in separate dilution refrigerators operating at temperatures lower than those found in outer space, presents a central challenge; these optical links are currently susceptible to noise that degrades signal fidelity. The research, detailed in ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing, specifically quantifies the balance between computations performed locally within each node versus those requiring communication between nodes, revealing that even noisy quantum links offer advantages over classical alternatives in most scenarios. Researchers explain that

IQM Appoints Barbara Venneman, Vanguard Board Director and Former Global Head of ...

IQM Appoints Barbara Venneman, Vanguard Board Director and Former Global Head of Deloitte Digital, to its Board of DirectorsContributed by: Business WireLogoImagesIQM Appoints Barbara Venneman, Vanguard Board Director and Former Global Head of Deloitte Digital, to its Board of DirectorsTagsSemiconductorHardwareTechnologyTelecommunicationsArtificial IntelligenceIQM Quantum Computers

IQM adds Venneman to board ahead of Nasdaq listing | RAAQ Stock News

IQM Appoints Barbara Venneman, Vanguard Board Director and Former Global Head of Deloitte Digital, to its Board of Directors Venneman brings more than 30 years of digital transformation, AI, and enterprise technology experience as IQM prepares for its planned Nasdaq listing ESPOO, IQM Appoints Barbara Venneman, Vanguard Board Director and Former Global Head of Deloitte Digital, to its Board of Directors Ms. Venneman joins the IQM Board of Directors following a distinguished career at the intersection of advanced technology, strategy, and business transformation. She most recently served as Global Head of Deloitte Digital and previously held senior global leadership roles, including Global Chief Growth Officer and Global Marketing, Sales & Service Leader. She has also cultivated strategic partnerships across leading technology companies and innovation ecosystems, accelerating growth and the adoption of emerging technologies. With more than three decades of experience advising global enterprises on technology-enabled transformation, Ms. Venneman brings deep expertise in digital innovation, go-to-market strategy, ecosystem development, and scaling technology adoption worldwide. "Barbara's track record of scaling global technology businesses and guiding enterprises through transformative change makes her an exceptional addition to our Board as we prepare to enter the public markets and scale our commercial presence in the IQM builds quantum computers from the ground up, owning the full stack from chip design and fabrication through system assembly, software, and cloud platform. This vertical integration gives IQM direct control over its innovation cycles and lets customers choose how they deploy: on-premises with full ownership of the infrastructure, or via cloud access. The result is an open-architecture platform designed to accelerate quantum adoption and help enterprise and research ecosystems form around it. "IQM has established itself as a leader in the emerging quantum computing market through a combination of technological excellence, customer focus, and execution. What attracted me to

IQM Appoints Barbara Venneman, Vanguard Board Director and Former Global ...

IQM Appoints Barbara Venneman, Vanguard Board Director and Former Global Head of Deloitte Digital, to its Board of Directors Published Friday, June 12, 2026 | 9:36 a.m. Updated Friday, June 12, 2026 | 9:37 a.m. ESPOO, Finland--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Jun 12, 2026-- IQM Quantum Computers, the global leader in superconducting quantum computers, today announced the appointment of Barbara Venneman to its Board of Directors. Venneman deepens the Board's expertise in digital transformation, enterprise technology commercialization, and global business scaling as IQM expands its commercial footprint worldwide. Additionally, CEO and Co-founder Jan Goetz will replace Co-founder Juha Vartiainen as the Founder representative on the IQM Board. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260612650938/en/ IQM Appoints Barbara Venneman, Vanguard Board Director and Former Global Head of Deloitte Digital, to its Board of Directors Ms. Venneman joins the IQM Board of Directors following a distinguished career at the intersection of advanced technology, strategy, and business transformation. She most recently served as Global Head of Deloitte Digital and previously held senior global leadership roles, including Global Chief Growth Officer and Global Marketing, Sales & Service Leader. She has also cultivated strategic partnerships across leading technology companies and innovation ecosystems, accelerating growth and the adoption of emerging technologies. With more than three decades of experience advising global enterprises on technology-enabled transformation, Ms. Venneman brings deep expertise in digital innovation, go-to-market strategy, ecosystem development, and scaling technology adoption worldwide. "Barbara's track record of scaling global technology businesses and guiding enterprises through transformative change makes her an exceptional addition to our Board as we prepare to enter the public markets and scale our commercial presence in the U.S. and globally," said Sierk Poetting, Chairman of IQM’s Board of Directors. "As we accelerate our path toward fault-tolerant quantum computing, her experience in enterprise technology commercialization, AI,

HKU Engineering Develops World-First Cryogenic Neuromorphic Chip to Advance <b>Quantum</b> Scaling

Solid-state electronics researchers from the University of Hong Kong’s (HKU) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, working alongside the Centre for Advanced Semiconductors and Integrated Circuits (CASIC), have achieved a significant material physics breakthrough in cryogenic electronics. Led by Professor Yuhao Zhang and PhD student Xin Yang, the team has engineered a programmable, brain-like neuromorphic hardware platform that operates near absolute zero (10 mK). Published in Nature Communications, the study demonstrates how the intrinsic atomic properties of industry-standard Silicon Carbide (SiC) power transistors can be harnessed to construct energy-efficient, local data processing networks inside quantum dilution refrigerators. This milestone introduces a practical pathway to eliminate the severe wiring bottlenecks that currently limit the scalability of universal quantum computers. Harnessing Electron-Donor Impact Ionization for Millikelvin Spiking The foundation of the research relies on the discovery of a stable mechanism to generate and modulate S-shape negative differential resistance (NDR) inside standard commercial SiC MOSFETs at temperatures below 2 K. Traditional silicon-based control circuitry relies on thermal carrier excitation to function; when subjected to extreme cryogenic environments, these standard controllers experience carrier freeze-out, forcing operators to position the dense control electronics far away from the quantum processor. This spatial separation requires thousands of coaxial cables to bridge the thermal gap, creating an unscalable thermal and physical wiring bottleneck. The HKU team discovered that cooling SiC MOSFETs to the millikelvin regime triggers an intrinsic material phenomenon known as electron-donor impact ionization (EDII). By modulating the transistor’s gate voltage, the carrier dynamics within the silicon carbide’s atomic lattice can be precisely controlled to mimic the energy-efficient “spiking” and action potential behavior of biological neurons. Because the EDII mechanism is an intrinsic physical property of the SiC crystal lattice rather than a thermal side-effect, it remains exceptionally stable, predictable, and highly repeatable across separate manufacturing batches.

One-way quantum synchronization could make <b>quantum computers</b> more reliable | ScienceDaily

One-way quantum synchronization could make quantum computers more reliable - Date: - June 12, 2026 - Source: - RIKEN - Summary: - Scientists at RIKEN have proposed a new way to make quantum systems synchronize in only one directionâlike a one-way street for sound particles known as phonons. The breakthrough combines two quantum effects to create a form of one-way quantum synchronization that remains surprisingly stable even when exposed to manufacturing flaws and environmental noise, two major obstacles that have long hindered real-world quantum technologies. - Share: A team of theoretical physicists at RIKEN has proposed a new way to achieve one-way quantum synchronization of phonons, the particles associated with sound. The approach stands out because it remains highly effective even in the face of real-world challenges such as manufacturing imperfections and environmental noise. Many modern technologies rely on components that behave like one-way streets. These devices allow particles or signals to move freely in one direction while greatly restricting movement in the opposite direction. Known as nonreciprocal components, they are widely used in microwave and optical systems to direct signals and reduce unwanted reflections. "Nonreciprocal components enable signals to travel along desired paths, whereas they are strongly attenuated in the opposite direction," notes Franco Nori of the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC). "This ability finds applications ranging from signal processing to invisible cloaking." One-Way Quantum Synchronization Researchers have long sought to create a related phenomenon known as nonreciprocal quantum synchronization. In this process, two quantum systems become synchronized when information flows in one direction, but the synchronization does not occur in reverse. Despite considerable interest, developing a practical way to achieve this effect has proven difficult. Earlier proposals have generally been vulnerable to a range of limitations that make real-world implementation challenging. "Practical quantum technologies face critical challenges

The <b>quantum computing</b> revolution is closer than you think

The quantum computing revolution is closer than you think Try unlimited access Only $1 for 4 weeksThen $75 per month. Complete digital access to quality FT journalism on any device. Cancel anytime during your trial. Explore more offers. FT Edit Access to eight surprising articles a day, hand-picked by FT editors. For seamless reading, access content via the FT Edit page on FT.com and receive the FT Edit newsletter. Standard Digital Essential digital access to quality FT journalism on any device. Pay a year upfront and save 20%. Premium Digital Complete digital access to quality FT journalism with expert analysis from industry leaders. Pay a year upfront and save 20%. Check whether you already have access via your university or organisation. Terms & Conditions apply Explore our full range of subscriptions. For individuals Discover all the plans currently available in your country For multiple readers Digital access for organisations. Includes exclusive features and content. Why the FT? See why over a million readers pay to read the Financial Times.

Daily AI Newsletter — 2026-06-11

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Pasqal Inaugurates Italy's 1st Neutral-Atom <b>Quantum Computer</b>, 3rd Pasqal System in Europe

Off the Wire Press Releases PARIS, June 11, 2026 — Pasqal, one of the global leaders in neutral-atom quantum computing, today announced the inauguration of Europe’s third Pasqal quantum computer hosted at CINECA, Italy’s largest public supercomputing operator and a member of the Italian Research Center on High Performance Computing (ICSC), Big Data, and Quantum Computing, in Bologna, Italy. The system was unveiled at the DAMA Technopole in Emilia-Romagna during a ribbon-cutting ceremony marking the launch of new high-performance computing (HPC) and quantum computing systems procured by the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking (JU) and co-financed together with the Italy’s Ministry of University and Research through ICSC, including the system delivered by Pasqal. This milestone marks a major step forward in the deployment of Europe’s hybrid HPC and quantum computing infrastructure. The system is Italy’s first neutral-atom quantum computer. Named SOL, it is a Pasqal Orion quantum processing unity (QPU) featuring 140 qubits. It has been engineered for tight integration with the Leonardo pre-exascale EuroHPC supercomputer — one of the world’s most powerful HPC platforms, ranked 10th on the Top500 list— representing an important step forward in quantum accelerated high-performance computing. At CINECA, Pasqal deploys its HPC–quantum integration stack exposing the QPU as a native resource within the supercomputing environment, enabling hybrid workflows that combine quantum and classical computing resources through standard HPC scheduling and operational mechanisms. The deployment builds on the open-source Quantum Resource Management Interface (QRMI) and supports integration with leading hybrid quantum-classical software ecosystems including NVIDIA CUDA-Q and Qiskit, the open-source software stack for quantum computing and algorithm research developed by IBM. The inauguration builds on Pasqal’s growing footprint across Europe, following the successful deployment of quantum processors in France (CEA-TGCC) and Germany (FZJ-JSC) under the EuroHPC JU’s pilot project HPCQS. Together, these systems form the backbone for Europe’s

Deep tech needs a different playbook - lessons from <b>quantum</b>

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Chameleon Atoms: JILA Researchers Demonstrate Versatile Atomic Qubits That Can Pass ...

Chameleon Atoms: JILA Researchers Demonstrate Versatile Atomic Qubits That Can Pass Around Information Researchers are developing new technologies that harness quantum physics to defy the familiar constraints of daily life and established approaches. A variety of quantum simulations, quantum sensors and quantum computers have been developed that can significantly outperform existing technologies at certain tasks. Many quantum technologies are built on a foundation of qubits—the structures that store quantum states in ways that are practical to manipulate and interpret. Researchers and engineers are exploring many different approaches to making and using qubits, spanning platforms like superconducting circuits, trapped ions, neutral atoms and more. The various approaches have different advantages and disadvantages that are being navigated as quantum technologies are developed. In an article published June 11, 2026 in the journal Nature Physics, a team of JILA researchers led by JILA Fellow Adam Kaufman, in collaboration with researchers at the University of Innsbruck in Austria, report experiments demonstrating the versatility of ytterbium atoms as qubits. A neutral ytterbium atom is an adaptable chameleon that can be used as multiple styles of qubit, each bringing distinct advantages. Their experiments demonstrate a quantum multitool that can tackle quantum computations, quantum simulations and precise measurements of time and also combine the capabilities associated with each application. The group focused on a specific isotope of ytterbium, ytterbium-171, that has appealing features for multiple quantum applications. Scientists can use laser light to cool ytterbium-171 atoms, to hold the atoms in ordered arrays and to alter their quantum states. The properties of the atoms let them function as qubits in multiple ways. At a basic level, a qubit requires a pair of distinguishable states that can exist in combinations of the states called superpositions. The group’s experiments used a method they developed to transfer quantum states between

Alexander Aeppli receives Deborah Jin thesis award | JILA

Alexander Aeppli receives Deborah Jin thesis award Physics alumnus Alexander Aeppli (PhDPhys’25) is the recipient of this year’s Deborah Jin Award for Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Research, a national honor awarded by the Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (DAMOP) of the American Physical Society. Aeppli received the award at the annual DAMOP meeting held June 1-5, 2026, in Providence, Rhode Island. The Deborah Jin Award recognizes outstanding doctoral-level research in the areas of atomic, molecular or optical physics. Originally established in 1992, it was endowed and renamed in 2016 in honor of the late Deborah Jin, former JILA fellow and adjoint professor of physics at the University of Colorado Boulder, for her outstanding contributions to the field. Aeppli was selected “for pioneering work that pushes the frontier of coherence times and measurement precision in optical lattice clocks,” according to the award citation. “It’s a wonderful honor to receive this award in recognition of my PhD,” said Aeppli. “I have looked up to many of the past thesis prize winners, so joining their ranks is indeed humbling.” Aeppli completed his doctoral research with Professor and JILA Fellow Jun Ye, whom he credits for providing “consistent guidance and support.” While this is nominally an individual award, Aeppli said it represents a collective effort. “I would not have received this award if I did not have the support of this excellent department, the wealth of knowledge and community at JILA, and many brilliant mentors and peers,” he said. Now working as a quantum engineer at Atom Computing, Aeppli is building quantum computers using many of the same techniques he learned during his PhD.

Does Rigetti (RGTI) Insider Selling Undercut the Narrative Around CHIPS Funding and ...

- United States - / - Semiconductors - / - NasdaqCM:RGTI Does Rigetti (RGTI) Insider Selling Undercut the Narrative Around CHIPS Funding and Cloud Progress? - In recent months, Rigetti Computing brought its 108-qubit Cepheus-1-108Q quantum system into general availability across major cloud platforms and entered a non-binding agreement with the U.S. Commerce Department for up to US$100 million in potential CHIPS Act funding in exchange for a minority equity stake. - However, large insider share sales by senior executives, including the CTO, have raised questions about short-term confidence just as Rigetti highlights growing customer adoption and ambitious expansion plans. - We’ll now explore how the CHIPS Act funding agreement and cloud deployment of Cepheus-1-108Q influence Rigetti’s existing investment narrative. Rare earth metals are an input to most high-tech devices, military and defence systems and electric vehicles. The global race is on to secure supply of these critical minerals. Beat the pack to uncover the 26 best rare earth metal stocks of the very few that mine this essential strategic resource. Rigetti Computing Investment Narrative Recap To own Rigetti, you essentially have to believe that superconducting, gate based quantum systems can mature into a commercial business before the company’s cash and patience run thin. In the near term, the CHIPS Act letter of intent and cloud rollout of Cepheus‑1‑108Q support the technology and funding story, but they do not remove the core risks of heavy losses, reliance on government programs, and now, the added concern of sizeable insider selling. The most relevant recent announcement here is Rigetti’s non binding US$100 million CHIPS Act funding agreement, which would come with a minority federal equity stake. If finalized, this could ease pressure around how to finance the roadmap to larger systems and potential fabrication needs, partly offsetting worries about uneven public sector

Is Bitcoin Going to $0? Here's the Honest Answer. | The Motley Fool

Every crypto winter brings out the Bitcoin (BTC +0.48%) obituary writers. The cryptocurrency has been declared dead roughly 400 times since its launch in 2009, yet here it sits with a $1.24 trillion market cap as of June 9, 2026. For a corpse, it's holding up pretty well. So let's talk about zero. It's more interesting than you think. CRYPTO: BTC Key Data Points The case for zero For Bitcoin to become worthless, something would need to fundamentally break. These are the most plausible threats in my eyes: - Developer missteps: The open-source community maintaining Bitcoin's code could make catastrophic errors or fail to adapt to emerging challenges. - Quantum computing: Future quantum computers could theoretically crack Bitcoin's encryption, compromising the entire network. The faster quantum computers become useful, the faster Bitcoin has to change its security model. - A better alternative: Another cryptocurrency could emerge as a superior long-term store of value, rendering Bitcoin obsolete in a functional sense. Why the big bagel remains unlikely Bitcoin's trillion-dollar market cap is not speculative froth. It represents real capital from individual investors, institutions, and, increasingly, traditional financial firms that are taking crypto seriously. Exchange-traded funds already hold roughly 6% of all Bitcoin. Bankers are moving into digital assets. The security concerns are also less dire than headlines suggest. The quantum threat remains years away from practical implementation. A 51% attack, in which bad actors seize majority control of the network to create any transactions they want, becomes increasingly impractical as Bitcoin's invested value increases. Since 2009, every successful crypto hack has targeted wallets or exchanges, not the Bitcoin protocol itself. There's also the inflation angle. Following the April 2024 halving event, Bitcoin's new supply inflation rate fell below gold's mining-based inflation rate. Cathie Wood of Ark Invest highlighted this milestone around